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Metformin is one of the most popular oral medications used to treat people with type 2 diabetes.

Taking metformin as prescribed can help lower both blood sugar levels and HbA1c levels (a measure of glucose control over the previous 2 to 3 months) and fight insulin resistance (a condition in which the body does not use insulin efficiently).

Although it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a weight-loss treatment, it can also help people lose weight, in some cases.

This article will outline everything you need to know about this popular diabetes drug.

Key Points:

Metformin functions by reducing glucose production in the liver, increasing insulin sensitivity, and decreasing sugar absorption from food.
It’s typically taken daily or two or three times daily with meals and is available in immediate-release (IR) and extended-release forms (XR or ER).
Metformin is considered safe, with a low risk of severe low blood sugar. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomachache and nausea.
Beyond type 2 diabetes, metformin is being explored for treating conditions such as gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and in cancer, heart disease, and anti-aging research. It’s also used off-label for type 1 diabetes and weight management.
A variety of medications may interact negatively with metformin, such as certain diuretics and antibiotics. Excessive alcohol consumption is also advised against while taking metformin.
The medicine is highly accessible and affordable and covered by most health insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid. Its cost-effectiveness and wide availability make it a practical choice for many people managing type 2 diabetes.

Everything You Need to Know About Metformin

What is metformin?

Approved in the United States in 1994 and studied in humans since the 1950s, metformin is a prescription drug taken to help manage diabetes. It is the only available medicine in a class of drugs called biguanides, and it comes in pill form and liquid form.

Metformin pills are available in both immediate-release and extended-release formulations. Depending on your management needs and the type of medicine you are taking, you may be instructed to take your medication either daily or two or three times daily with meals.

Metformin brand names

Some brand names include:

Fortamet
Glucophage
Glucophage XR
Glumetza
Riomet
Riomet ER

Metformin is also an ingredient in a variety of combination medications.


How does metformin work? 
Metformin lowers blood sugar levels by three methods:
In combination with adopting a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity, this can lead to lower blood sugar levels, reduced HbA1c levels, and, sometimes, weight loss.
Common side effects of metformin
Most people tolerate metformin well. It is considered extremely safe and does not typically cause dangerous hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) unless you take significantly more than prescribed or are using it in combination with other medicines that can cause low blood sugar, such as insulin or a sulfonylurea.
It is an inexpensive and effective medication that is widely accessible. However, some people may experience mild to moderate side effects, including:

Stomachache
Stomach cramps
Nausea 
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Metallic taste in the mouth
Weight gain (rare)

Less common but more serious potential side effects of metformin include:

Hypoglycemia (if taken in combination with insulin or sulfonylureas)
Lactic acidosis (a potentially fatal condition in which lactic acid builds up in the body)
Vitamin B12 deficiency

You can learn more about potential side effects in our article: Metformin Side Effects: What You Need to Know.

Hypoglycemia
Metformin rarely causes hypoglycemia in people with diabetes who are not also on insulin (or another drug that increases insulin production) because it doesn’t increase insulin production like many other diabetes medications.
Call your doctor if you have any symptoms of hypoglycemia, which can include:

Weakness
Tiredness
Nausea
Vomiting
Stomach pain
Dizziness
Lightheadedness
Abnormally fast or slow heartbeat

Lactic acidosis
Metformin comes with a “black box” warning about the risk of lactic acidosis, the most severe warning that the FDA issues.
Symptoms of this condition can include:

Nausea
Vomiting
Weakness
Fatigue
Fast, deep breathing
Muscle cramps and body aches

However, according to “The Phantom of Lactic Acidosis due to Metformin in Patients With Diabetes,” published in the American Diabetes Association’s (ADA) journal Diabetes Care, the vast majority of studies found no instances of lactic acidosis in people taking metformin. 
Almost all cases of lactic acidosis from metformin use are results of overdoses — not normal use of the drug.
Read more: Can Metformin Cause Lactic Acidosis?

Vitamin B12 deficiency
In studies, researchers have found that long-term use of metformin can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Left untreated, this can lead to significant nerve damage. 
Everyone taking metformin should have their B12 levels tested annually. In consultation with their healthcare provider, anyone with inadequate levels should start taking a B12 supplement immediately. (Vitamin B12 injections every few months may be recommended in some cases.)
Because vitamin B12 isn’t produced by plants, supplementing with the vitamin if you are vegan or eat a mostly plant-based diet may be especially important. 
Metformin and “false lows”
Some people experience “false lows” (symptoms of hypoglycemia even when blood sugar levels are within normal range) when starting metformin. 
This can happen if you’re used to having near-constant high blood sugar levels. Because your body is used to these high levels, a normal blood sugar level feels low. 
The false lows should go away as your body adjusts to your new blood sugar level. (Always check your blood sugar if you are feeling low, as it may not be a false low.)

How to take metformin
Metformin should be taken whole (not crushed, broken, or chewed) with a drink of water with a meal to help avoid an upset stomach. 
Try to take it with a higher-protein meal or snack, and never take metformin on an empty stomach. The medicine is usually better tolerated in the evening, so taking it with dinner is best. 
If you are experiencing severe gastrointestinal issues while taking metformin, speak with your doctor. They may reduce your dose or switch you to an extended-release version of the medicine. 
Because the extended-release medicine is released over a few hours instead of immediately, you may experience fewer digestive side effects with this approach.
(Note that when using the extended-release form of the tablet, it’s common and not a cause for concern to find part of the tablet in your stool. This occurs after the medication has been absorbed by your body.)

Dosages
The most common doses for adults with diabetes are:
Immediate-release tablets:

500 milligrams (mg)
850 mg
1,000 mg

Extended-release tablets and liquid form:
It’s recommended to start with a low dose and increase it if you tolerate the drug well and need a higher dose to regulate your blood sugar levels. Always check with your doctor first before increasing your dose. 
Read more: Metformin Dosage Guide (Min and Max Doses).
What should you do if you miss a dose?
Take your metformin as soon as you can, unless it’s almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time.
Can you overdose on metformin?
Yes, this is possible, but it’s very rare. A large overdose can cause severe and potentially dangerous hypoglycemia or lactic acidosis. 
Seek emergency medical attention if you think you have overdosed.

When will I see results after starting metformin? 
The Mayo Clinic notes that “You may notice an improvement in your blood glucose control in 1 to 2 weeks, but the full effect of blood glucose control may take up to 2 to 3 months.” 
Be patient. Keep regularly checking your blood sugar levels and taking your medication, and you should eventually see significant improvements from this medication. 
Work with your healthcare provider to determine how your current metformin dose is working for you, and what (if any) adjustments need to be made to improve results or lessen any negative side effects you may be experiencing. 
How do I know if the medication is working?
Metformin’s effectiveness can be gauged through several indicators. A reduction in blood sugar levels and HbA1c, noticeable after a few weeks to months, generally indicates that it is working. Some people may also experience modest weight loss. 
However, persistent high blood sugar levels, no improvement in HbA1c, or unexplained weight gain despite a healthy lifestyle might suggest that it is not working as intended. 
For a more detailed understanding, read: Signs Metformin Is Working (Or Isn’t Working).

Can I stop taking metformin?
Stopping metformin should be a carefully considered decision, prompted by lack of effectiveness, severe side effects, or changes in your healthcare needs and lifestyle. 
It’s crucial to not stop the medicine abruptly, since this can lead to negative health effects such as high blood sugar and potential diabetes complications. Always speak with your doctor for guidance on how to wean off the drug. This may involve adjusting the dosage over time and exploring alternative medicines or lifestyle changes. 
For further insights, read: Stopping Metformin: When and How You Can Stop Taking Metformin.
Are there alternative medications?
While metformin is a widely used and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, it may not suit everyone due to side effects or lack of efficacy. Fortunately, a variety of alternative medication options exist, each with their own benefits and potential side effects. 
Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can also be effective, either for use alongside a different medicine or as standalone treatments, in some cases. 
It’s important to speak with your healthcare provider to find the most suitable alternative based on your individual needs and circumstances. 
For an in-depth look at these options, see: The Best Alternatives to Metformin for Type 2 Diabetes Management.

Who should not take metformin?
People with certain conditions may be advised against taking metformin. Speak with your doctor prior to taking this medicine if you:
What drugs to avoid while taking metformin
The Mayo Clinic lists the drugs that may interact negatively with metformin. 
Using metformin with the following medicines is not recommended. If you are on any of these medications, work with your doctor to determine the best approach: 

Acetrizoic Acid
Diatrizoate
Ethiodized Oil
Iobenzamic Acid
Iobitridol
Iocarmic Acid
Iocetamic Acid
Iodamide
Iodipamide
Iodixanol
Iodohippuric Acid
Iodopyracet
Iodoxamic Acid
Ioglicic Acid
Ioglycamic Acid
Iohexol
Iomeprol
Iopamidol
Iopanoic Acid
Iopentol
Iophendylate
Iopronic Acid
Ioseric Acid
Iosimide
Iotasul
Iothalamate
Iotrolan
Iotroxic Acid
Ioxaglate
Ioxitalamic Acid
Ipodate
Metrizamide
Metrizoic Acid
Tyropanoate Sodium

Using metformin with any of the following medicines is typically not recommended but may be required. In this case, your doctor may adjust the dose or how often one or both of the medicines is used. Speak with your doctor to decide what will work best for you: 

Abiraterone Acetate
Acetazolamide
Alogliptin
Aspirin
Bexagliflozin
Bictegravir
Brinzolamide
Bupropion
Capmatinib
Chloroquine
Chlorpropamide
Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
Dasabuvir
Delafloxacin
Dichlorphenamide
Dofetilide
Dolutegravir
Dorzolamide
Enoxacin
Fedratinib
Fexinidazole
Gatifloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Glimepiride
Glipizide
Glyburide
Grepafloxacin
Hydroxychloroquine
Insulin
Insulin Aspart, Recombinant
Insulin Bovine
Insulin Degludec
Insulin Detemir
Insulin Glargine, Recombinant
Insulin Glulisine
Insulin Lispro, Recombinant
Iopromide
Ioversol
Isavuconazole
Lanreotide
Levofloxacin
Levoketoconazole
Liraglutide
Lomefloxacin
Methazolamide
Moxifloxacin
Nateglinide
Norfloxacin
Octreotide
Ofloxacin
Ombitasvir
Paritaprevir
Pasireotide
Pioglitazone
Pramlintide
Ranolazine
Repaglinide
Semaglutide
Sitagliptin
Somatrogon-ghla
Sotagliflozin
Sparfloxacin
Tafenoquine
Thioctic Acid
Tolazamide
Tolbutamide
Topiramate
Trovafloxacin
Vandetanib
Zonisamide

Avoid excessive alcohol use when taking metformin. Speak with your doctor about how much, if any, alcohol use is safe for you.
Learn more about this combination in: Metformin & Alcohol: Can You Drink While Taking Metformin?

Common questions about metformin
How should the pills be stored?
It’s recommended to store the pills at room temperature, between 68 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (20 to 25 degrees Celsius) but they can be kept safely at 59 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (15 to 30 degrees Celsius) for a while if you are traveling.
The pills should always be stored in a light-resistant container (like the container they originally came in) away from heat and excess moisture.
Can metformin cause hair loss?
No, metformin is not a known cause of hair loss. 
However, long-term use of metformin can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. This can in turn prevent hair follicles from receiving oxygenated blood, leading to hair loss. Ask your doctor for a vitamin B test if you notice hair loss or thinning hair.
Do I need to change my diet?
Adjusting your diet while taking metformin is critical for maximizing the medicine’s effectiveness and minimizing common side effects. Although no specific foods are strictly prohibited, it is advisable to limit alcohol, saturated and trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and high-sodium items. Focusing on a balanced diet rich in whole fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and lower-fat dairy can help enhance metformin’s benefits in managing blood sugar levels.
Excessive consumption of certain items can lower the drug’s effectiveness and worsen side effects. 
For detailed guidance on optimizing your diet while on metformin, read: Foods to Avoid While Taking Metformin.

Can I use metformin if I am pregnant (or trying to become pregnant)?
Yes. Studies have not shown any risk for mother and baby when taking metformin. However, always talk to your doctor about the medications you take when you’re pregnant or trying to become pregnant. 
Can you become addicted to metformin?
No, there is no evidence that metformin is addictive.
Does metformin cause cancer?
In 2019, the FDA investigated whether some forms of metformin contained high levels of a chemical called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is potentially carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
In 2020 and 2021, several companies voluntarily recalled certain lots of extended-release metformin based on the FDA’s recommendations. You can check to see if your metformin was included in these recalls here. 
Even if you take a metformin product that has been recalled, it’s important that you continue to take your medication until you talk to your healthcare professional. 
There is no short-term health risk — no human cancer cases have been directly linked to NDMA at this time — and the negative effects of abruptly stopping metformin treatment far outweigh the benefits.
Testing by the FDA did not show NDMA in immediate-release metformin products.

Are there other benefits of metformin? 
Metformin is currently being used to treat gestational diabetes (a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, a condition in which a woman’s hormones are out of balance, resulting in the development of small, cyst-like sacs on the ovaries). 
The American Diabetes Association has said that more doctors should be prescribing metformin to their patients to treat prediabetes (a condition in which blood glucose levels are high, but not in the range for a diabetes diagnosis) as well, especially for people under the age of 60. 
Researchers are also studying if metformin can help in the fight against conditions including cancer, heart disease, obesity, neurodegenerative conditions (like Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and even serve as an anti-aging supplement. 
Metformin and type 1 diabetes
Metformin is not currently approved in the United States or Europe for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
However, many people with type 1 diabetes take metformin “off-label” (in a way not approved by the FDA) to help manage blood sugar levels, lessen insulin resistance, and even lose weight. 
A 3-year study published in the journal The Lancet found that participants with type 1 diabetes taking metformin lost weight compared to placebo (inactive treatment).
Research has shown that metformin may help reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 1 diabetes. Metformin has been shown to reduce required insulin doses as well as HbA1c levels in people with type 1 diabetes.
Be aware that taking metformin while on insulin for type 1 diabetes can cause lower blood sugars and the need for less insulin. Therefore, it is important to be mindful of potential hypoglycemia, especially overnight.

Final thoughts
If you are a person with type 2 diabetes, taking metformin is an easy, inexpensive, and effective way to lower your blood sugar levels, reduce your HbA1c level, improve your insulin sensitivity, and maybe even lose a little weight. 
The side effects are usually mild and the drug is considered very safe. And because there are so many generic forms, metformin is extremely affordable (and it is covered by nearly all health insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid). 
If your blood sugar levels are not at target with your current treatment, speak with your doctor about the possibility of adding this medication to your diabetes management.


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